Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Official Record of the Charges, Pleas, and Sentences Passed on Alan Turing. 1952. Cheshire Archives, Duke St, Chester CH1 1RL, UK. Alan Turing's Trial Charges and Sentences, 31 March 1952. Web. <http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/sentence.html>.10 Dec. 2016
This is a photograph of the charges and pleas made by Alan Turing when he was convicted. Although he did not receive the death penalty, he was placed on probation for twelve months. He was submitted for “treatment”. Alan lost his security clearance and had to stop working at GCHQ because of this case.
This photo has great significance because it shows how LGBT were treated during the 1950s. Although he was very critical in the breaking of the Enigma, he was still convicted for homosexual affairs. This source represents the government system during the time Alan was alive.
"Themes." Science & Society Picture Library. Museum of Science and Industry, 8 Oct. 2016. Web. <http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/>.02 Jan. 2017
This source is a picture library archive. It contains historical documents and photographs. Each photograph has a description and the history behind it. This archive has documents and photographs for almost any historical event ever documented.
This source is very reliable. I liked how easy it was to navigate as well as a useful description along the side of every photo. It had all the photos I needed in one place which was very convenient.
Turing, Alan. "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." Mind (1950): 433-60. Computing Machinery and Intelligence A.M. Turing. Oxford Journals. Web. 09 <http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html>. Dec. 2016.
Alan Turing wrote an unfinished paper of machinery and intelligence. Although it supposedly incomplete, it is still very informative. He starts off this paper with the question “Can computers think?”. He answers the question, but not in a way you would ever expect. It makes you think much deeper than before. He continues on by describing the purpose and importance of computers.
This source has given me a completely new perspective of technology and computers. Alan’s brilliant technique of writing gives a new meaning to artificial intelligence. I found this source very important because Alan explains advanced concepts in an easy way to understand.
Turing, Alan. Letter to Winston Churchill. 21 Oct. 1941. MS. N.
This letter is from Alan Turing to Winston Churchill, the prime minister. He co-writes this letter with other members of his team. This letter states the difficulties that Alan and his co- workers are understaffed and overwhelmed by the amount of workload needed to be done.
I found this letter very informing. It states the difficult sides of the process while most sources choose to ignore. This is a reliable source became it came from Alan himself and gave an insider to the problems and processes of what occurred at Bletchley Park.
Turing, Alan. Mathematical Theory of ENIGMA Machine. Rep. N.p.: American National Security Agency, n.d. Print
In late 1940, Alan Turing wrote a report on the progress that had been made on breaking the Enigma with his team. It includes drawings and handwritten notes by Alan himself. Though, surprisingly despite the name, includes no mathematical theory.
This is a vital source to my research because at the time it was written it was unclear who was going to win the war. It is very fascinating to see Alan’s own handwriting and notes and seeing those notes being put later into action. Although, the drawings are a little difficult to read.
Turing, Alan M. "OP-20-G." Letter to Mrs. Agnes Driscoll. Sept. 1941. MS. N.p.
This is a letter from Alan Turing to Mrs. Agnes Driscoll, someone in the United States code breaking unit in Washington, DC. This letter includes portions of the Enigma for the U.S. team to decode. He also includes some notes that could help them try to decode the portion of the Enigma assigned to them.
This source was significant to my research because it includes notes and thoughts directly from Alan Turing which was an important insider to what it was like at the moment. It shows the situation clearly and plans for the future. I consider this one of my most useful and important sources.
Secondary Sources
"AlanTuring.net." AlanTuring.net. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.alanturing.net/>. 15 Nov. 2016
This is a website that is completely dedicated to Alan Turing. Along the side bar is bookmarks to pages which include a page long Biography, his thesis statement, the actual coding itself, photos, and life accomplishments. Each section is done in precise detail as well as credible sources at the bottom of each page.
I will use this source throughout my project since it contains information that I want to present to readers. The source seems very reliable and also includes credible sources at the bottom. The information is also up to date since it is checked and updated regularly.
Clements, Kate. "How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code." Imperial War Museums. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-alan-turing-cracked-the-enigma-code>. 14 Nov. 2016.
Clements begins the article with a brief description of Alan Turing’s earlier life and background. It continues on to describe his essential role in breaking the Enigma. It further goes on in detail about his later achievements, the machine he invented, and his legacy.
Although this article could be considering broad, it is a good source for an overview of Alan’s life, journey, achievements, and legacy. This source was created by a wide-spread Museum administration and can definitely be trusted. I will use the knowledge from this website to help further explain the importance of Turing’s presence and attributions to the breaking of the Enigma.
Copeland, Brian Jack. The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life, plus The Secrets of Enigma. Oxford, NY: Clarendon, 2004. Print.
This book begins with a brief summary of Alan Turing’ life. Section 1 is a extremely detailed guide to computable numbers. Section 2 is about the Enigma and the work put into decoding it. Section 3 is dedicated to artificial intelligence. The book ends with Section 4 on artificial life. Everything mentioned in the book is somehow correlated with Alan Turing.
This book gives the reader any knowledge they would want or need to know about Turing. It starts with the beginning with a summary of his early life and continues with a walk through of his life, accomplishments, and achievements. I would definitely recommend this source to anyone interested in computer science, the Enigma, or artificial intelligence.
Copeland, Jake. "The Church-Turing Thesis." AlanTuring.net The Turing-Church Thesis. N.p., June 2000. Web. <http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/The%20Turing-Church%20Thesis.html>.14 Nov. 2016.
Copeland starts the article with stating Turing’s thesis statement. The author goes into extreme detail of Alan’s thesis statement and the logic behind it. It also briefly mentions Church’s thesis statement but mostly focuses on Alan. The entire write up is dedicated to his thesis statement.
Although his thesis statement was not directly partly involved in the breaking of the Enigma, but it is still extremely useful to know as background knowledge as well as how Alan’s thought process worked. I believe this source is credible because it was created by a network and includes at least 20 sources as to how they received their information to create the article.
Hinsley, F. H., and Alan Stripp. Codebreakers: The inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Print.
The book starts with a glossary of words that you would need to know the definition to continue further on like “Enigma” and “code”. This source focuses on Bletchley Park, not just Alan Turing. It tells of all the events and breaking of codes all done at Bletchley Park which includes the Enigma. At the end of the book, examples of decryptions of codes are shown.
I chose this source because it gave me a better perspective on the importance of Turing’s whole team, not just himself. I consider this source reliable because it has many credible sources at the back which makes it possible to fact check anything said. This source greatly demonstrates the importance of working together to accomplish a common goal.
Jacobson, Rebecca. "8 Things You Didn’t Know about Alan Turing." PBS. PBS, 28 Nov. 2014. Web. <http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/8-things-didnt-know-alan-turing/>.15 Nov. 2016
The article opens with a brief summary of Alan Turing’s life and a list of his achievements. The page continues with 8 detailed facts of Alan throughout his life and legacy. The source also includes various quotes and photos.
This article gives a general idea on Alan Turing and his work. I would recommend it to receive background knowledge as well as quotes and photos. The source has a reliable writer (PBS.org) which is widespread U.S. informative podcast and was created fairly recently.
Jerry, Manaco. "The Delphic Alan Turing - Boundary Conditions & Anti-Philosophy." Shandean Postscripts to Politics, Philosophy, & Culture. Livejournal, 23 Jan. 2006. Web. <http://monacojerry.livejournal.com/44852.html>. 10 Dec. 2016.
Alan Turing once said the quote, “Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition.” This quote confused many people during his time. This website explains the meaning of it. It shows his beliefs as well as the science behind his claims.
This is my favorite quote by Alan, not for the content but how he supported his claims with science during a time when religion was very big. This website goes very in depth to explain what he meant as well as citing some his own writings to back up what he said. This source seems very reliable because the writer has primary sources cited throughout the website.
Kahn, David. Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939-1943. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991. Print.
This book recounts the history of World War Ⅱ’s Battle of the Atlantic. Most sources do not state that whoever won this would win the war. This book shows all the hardships, struggles, and successes of decoding the Enigma.
I would recommend this book because it goes very in depth in the failures of the British which most books choose to overlook. There are many credible sources at the back of the book meaning the author did a lot of research prior to writing and everything can be double checked. The author also inserts many primary sources of letters, pictures, and speeches of the codebreakers during the war which gives the reader a better perspective of what it was like in that time.
Turing, Alan Mathison, and B. Jack Copeland. Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine: The Master Codebreaker's Struggle to Build the Modern Computer. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
The book begins with as series of photos and a summary of Alan Turing’s life. The book continues on to go in detail about the computer science studies Alan made rather than focusing on the Enigma. It ends with a summary of his greatest achievements made throughout his life.
I liked this source because it focuses more on how much Alan knew about computer science which shows the recognition he deserves for being a genius. Sometimes it is easy to forget he did not only break the Enigma, he had many breakthrough discoveries. I also like this source because it has many visuals which makes it easier for visual readers to picture what the computers and technology was like back then.
"Virtual Bletchley Park by Tony Sale." Virtual Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park Museum, n.d. Web. <http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/poles/poles.htm>. 14 Nov. 2016
Bletchley Park Museum created this website to inform people about the background information of the Polish before and during World War 2. It includes a descriptive description of the Polish’s plan for defense. It further goes on to describe how the Enigma machine functioned. It concludes with a summary of the successes and failures process.
I would definitely recommend this source to anyone who does not have any background knowledge of the Enigma. The creator of the website is directly from the Bletchley Park Museum which is a very reliable author. The source includes detailed descriptions of the math and science used to break the Enigma which gives me a good perspective on how Turing’s team had to think to decode the Enigma.
Official Record of the Charges, Pleas, and Sentences Passed on Alan Turing. 1952. Cheshire Archives, Duke St, Chester CH1 1RL, UK. Alan Turing's Trial Charges and Sentences, 31 March 1952. Web. <http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/sentence.html>.10 Dec. 2016
This is a photograph of the charges and pleas made by Alan Turing when he was convicted. Although he did not receive the death penalty, he was placed on probation for twelve months. He was submitted for “treatment”. Alan lost his security clearance and had to stop working at GCHQ because of this case.
This photo has great significance because it shows how LGBT were treated during the 1950s. Although he was very critical in the breaking of the Enigma, he was still convicted for homosexual affairs. This source represents the government system during the time Alan was alive.
"Themes." Science & Society Picture Library. Museum of Science and Industry, 8 Oct. 2016. Web. <http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/>.02 Jan. 2017
This source is a picture library archive. It contains historical documents and photographs. Each photograph has a description and the history behind it. This archive has documents and photographs for almost any historical event ever documented.
This source is very reliable. I liked how easy it was to navigate as well as a useful description along the side of every photo. It had all the photos I needed in one place which was very convenient.
Turing, Alan. "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." Mind (1950): 433-60. Computing Machinery and Intelligence A.M. Turing. Oxford Journals. Web. 09 <http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html>. Dec. 2016.
Alan Turing wrote an unfinished paper of machinery and intelligence. Although it supposedly incomplete, it is still very informative. He starts off this paper with the question “Can computers think?”. He answers the question, but not in a way you would ever expect. It makes you think much deeper than before. He continues on by describing the purpose and importance of computers.
This source has given me a completely new perspective of technology and computers. Alan’s brilliant technique of writing gives a new meaning to artificial intelligence. I found this source very important because Alan explains advanced concepts in an easy way to understand.
Turing, Alan. Letter to Winston Churchill. 21 Oct. 1941. MS. N.
This letter is from Alan Turing to Winston Churchill, the prime minister. He co-writes this letter with other members of his team. This letter states the difficulties that Alan and his co- workers are understaffed and overwhelmed by the amount of workload needed to be done.
I found this letter very informing. It states the difficult sides of the process while most sources choose to ignore. This is a reliable source became it came from Alan himself and gave an insider to the problems and processes of what occurred at Bletchley Park.
Turing, Alan. Mathematical Theory of ENIGMA Machine. Rep. N.p.: American National Security Agency, n.d. Print
In late 1940, Alan Turing wrote a report on the progress that had been made on breaking the Enigma with his team. It includes drawings and handwritten notes by Alan himself. Though, surprisingly despite the name, includes no mathematical theory.
This is a vital source to my research because at the time it was written it was unclear who was going to win the war. It is very fascinating to see Alan’s own handwriting and notes and seeing those notes being put later into action. Although, the drawings are a little difficult to read.
Turing, Alan M. "OP-20-G." Letter to Mrs. Agnes Driscoll. Sept. 1941. MS. N.p.
This is a letter from Alan Turing to Mrs. Agnes Driscoll, someone in the United States code breaking unit in Washington, DC. This letter includes portions of the Enigma for the U.S. team to decode. He also includes some notes that could help them try to decode the portion of the Enigma assigned to them.
This source was significant to my research because it includes notes and thoughts directly from Alan Turing which was an important insider to what it was like at the moment. It shows the situation clearly and plans for the future. I consider this one of my most useful and important sources.
Secondary Sources
"AlanTuring.net." AlanTuring.net. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.alanturing.net/>. 15 Nov. 2016
This is a website that is completely dedicated to Alan Turing. Along the side bar is bookmarks to pages which include a page long Biography, his thesis statement, the actual coding itself, photos, and life accomplishments. Each section is done in precise detail as well as credible sources at the bottom of each page.
I will use this source throughout my project since it contains information that I want to present to readers. The source seems very reliable and also includes credible sources at the bottom. The information is also up to date since it is checked and updated regularly.
Clements, Kate. "How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code." Imperial War Museums. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-alan-turing-cracked-the-enigma-code>. 14 Nov. 2016.
Clements begins the article with a brief description of Alan Turing’s earlier life and background. It continues on to describe his essential role in breaking the Enigma. It further goes on in detail about his later achievements, the machine he invented, and his legacy.
Although this article could be considering broad, it is a good source for an overview of Alan’s life, journey, achievements, and legacy. This source was created by a wide-spread Museum administration and can definitely be trusted. I will use the knowledge from this website to help further explain the importance of Turing’s presence and attributions to the breaking of the Enigma.
Copeland, Brian Jack. The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life, plus The Secrets of Enigma. Oxford, NY: Clarendon, 2004. Print.
This book begins with a brief summary of Alan Turing’ life. Section 1 is a extremely detailed guide to computable numbers. Section 2 is about the Enigma and the work put into decoding it. Section 3 is dedicated to artificial intelligence. The book ends with Section 4 on artificial life. Everything mentioned in the book is somehow correlated with Alan Turing.
This book gives the reader any knowledge they would want or need to know about Turing. It starts with the beginning with a summary of his early life and continues with a walk through of his life, accomplishments, and achievements. I would definitely recommend this source to anyone interested in computer science, the Enigma, or artificial intelligence.
Copeland, Jake. "The Church-Turing Thesis." AlanTuring.net The Turing-Church Thesis. N.p., June 2000. Web. <http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/The%20Turing-Church%20Thesis.html>.14 Nov. 2016.
Copeland starts the article with stating Turing’s thesis statement. The author goes into extreme detail of Alan’s thesis statement and the logic behind it. It also briefly mentions Church’s thesis statement but mostly focuses on Alan. The entire write up is dedicated to his thesis statement.
Although his thesis statement was not directly partly involved in the breaking of the Enigma, but it is still extremely useful to know as background knowledge as well as how Alan’s thought process worked. I believe this source is credible because it was created by a network and includes at least 20 sources as to how they received their information to create the article.
Hinsley, F. H., and Alan Stripp. Codebreakers: The inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Print.
The book starts with a glossary of words that you would need to know the definition to continue further on like “Enigma” and “code”. This source focuses on Bletchley Park, not just Alan Turing. It tells of all the events and breaking of codes all done at Bletchley Park which includes the Enigma. At the end of the book, examples of decryptions of codes are shown.
I chose this source because it gave me a better perspective on the importance of Turing’s whole team, not just himself. I consider this source reliable because it has many credible sources at the back which makes it possible to fact check anything said. This source greatly demonstrates the importance of working together to accomplish a common goal.
Jacobson, Rebecca. "8 Things You Didn’t Know about Alan Turing." PBS. PBS, 28 Nov. 2014. Web. <http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/8-things-didnt-know-alan-turing/>.15 Nov. 2016
The article opens with a brief summary of Alan Turing’s life and a list of his achievements. The page continues with 8 detailed facts of Alan throughout his life and legacy. The source also includes various quotes and photos.
This article gives a general idea on Alan Turing and his work. I would recommend it to receive background knowledge as well as quotes and photos. The source has a reliable writer (PBS.org) which is widespread U.S. informative podcast and was created fairly recently.
Jerry, Manaco. "The Delphic Alan Turing - Boundary Conditions & Anti-Philosophy." Shandean Postscripts to Politics, Philosophy, & Culture. Livejournal, 23 Jan. 2006. Web. <http://monacojerry.livejournal.com/44852.html>. 10 Dec. 2016.
Alan Turing once said the quote, “Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition.” This quote confused many people during his time. This website explains the meaning of it. It shows his beliefs as well as the science behind his claims.
This is my favorite quote by Alan, not for the content but how he supported his claims with science during a time when religion was very big. This website goes very in depth to explain what he meant as well as citing some his own writings to back up what he said. This source seems very reliable because the writer has primary sources cited throughout the website.
Kahn, David. Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939-1943. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991. Print.
This book recounts the history of World War Ⅱ’s Battle of the Atlantic. Most sources do not state that whoever won this would win the war. This book shows all the hardships, struggles, and successes of decoding the Enigma.
I would recommend this book because it goes very in depth in the failures of the British which most books choose to overlook. There are many credible sources at the back of the book meaning the author did a lot of research prior to writing and everything can be double checked. The author also inserts many primary sources of letters, pictures, and speeches of the codebreakers during the war which gives the reader a better perspective of what it was like in that time.
Turing, Alan Mathison, and B. Jack Copeland. Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine: The Master Codebreaker's Struggle to Build the Modern Computer. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
The book begins with as series of photos and a summary of Alan Turing’s life. The book continues on to go in detail about the computer science studies Alan made rather than focusing on the Enigma. It ends with a summary of his greatest achievements made throughout his life.
I liked this source because it focuses more on how much Alan knew about computer science which shows the recognition he deserves for being a genius. Sometimes it is easy to forget he did not only break the Enigma, he had many breakthrough discoveries. I also like this source because it has many visuals which makes it easier for visual readers to picture what the computers and technology was like back then.
"Virtual Bletchley Park by Tony Sale." Virtual Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park Museum, n.d. Web. <http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/poles/poles.htm>. 14 Nov. 2016
Bletchley Park Museum created this website to inform people about the background information of the Polish before and during World War 2. It includes a descriptive description of the Polish’s plan for defense. It further goes on to describe how the Enigma machine functioned. It concludes with a summary of the successes and failures process.
I would definitely recommend this source to anyone who does not have any background knowledge of the Enigma. The creator of the website is directly from the Bletchley Park Museum which is a very reliable author. The source includes detailed descriptions of the math and science used to break the Enigma which gives me a good perspective on how Turing’s team had to think to decode the Enigma.